ALSP PUBLICATIONS
>Cathepsin B is a new Drug target for traumatic Brain Injury Therapeutics: Evidence for E64d as a promising lead Drug CandidateFrontiers in Neurology (2015) Volume 6, Article 178by Hook, Gregory, Jacobsen, J. Steven, Grabstein, Kenneth, Kindy, M., Hook, V. Y. HRead...
>The Cysteine Protease Cathepsin B is a Key Drug Target and Cysteine Protease Inhibitors are Potential Therapeutics for Traumatic Brain InjuryJournal of Neurotrauma (2014) 31(5): 515-529by Hook, V. Y. H., Yu, J., Sipes, N., Pierschbacher, M., Hook, G. and Kindy, M.Read...
>Deletion of the cathepsin B gene improves memory deficits in a transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse model expressing APP containing the wild-type beta-secretase site sequenceJournal of Alzheimer's Disease (2012) 29(4): 827-40 by Hook, V., Yu, J, Zhu, H., El-Amouri, S., Hook, G., and Kindy, M.Read...
>Discovery of the cysteine protease cathepsin B as a drug target for Alzheimer's diseaseChapter 6 in RSC Drug Discovery Series No. 18, Proteinases as Drug Targets, Ed., B.Dunn, Pub., Royal Society of Chemistry, pp 146-169, 2012by Hook, V., Kindy, M., and Hook, G.
>Cysteine Cathepsins in the Secretory vesicle produce active peptides:Cathepsin L generates peptide neurotransmitters and cathepsin B produces beta-amyloid of Alzheimer's diseaseBiochimica et Biophysica Acta, (2012) 1824(1):89-104by Hook, V. Y. H. and Hook, G. and Kindy, M. et al. Read...
>The Cysteine Protease Inhibitor, E64d, Reduces Brain Amyloid-beta and Improves Memory Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease Animal Models by Inhibiting Cathepsin B, but not BACE1, beta-secretase ActivityJournal of Alzheimer's Disease, (2011) 26: 387-408by Hook, V. Y. H. and Hook, G. and Kindy, M.Read...
>Pharmacogenetic features of cathepsin B inhibitors that improve memory deficit and reduce beta-amyloid related to Alzheimer's DiseaseBiological Chemistry, (2010) 391: 861-872by Hook, V. Y. H. and Hook, G. and Kindy, M.Read...
> Genetic cathepsin B deficiency reduces beta-amyloid in transgenic mice expressing human wild-type amyloid precursor proteinBiochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, (2009) 386: 284-288by Hook, V. Y. H. and Hook. G. et al.
> Inhibitors of Cathepsin B improve Memory and Reduce beta-amyloid in Transgenic Alzheimer Disease Mice Expressing the Wild-type, but not the Swedish Mutant, beta-secretase Site of the Amyloid Precursor ProteinThe Journal of Biological Chemistry, (2008) 283: 7745-7753by Hook, V. Y. H. and Hook, G. et al.
> Alternative Pathways for Production of beta-amyloid Peptides of Alzheimer's DiseaseBiological Chemistry, (2008) 389: 993-1006by Hook, V. Y. H and Hook, G. et al.
> Cysteine Protease Inhibitors Effectively Reduce in Vivo Levels of brain beta-amyloid Related to Alzheimer's DiseaseBiological Chemistry, (2007) 388: 247-252by Hook, V. et al.Read...
> Inhibition of cathepsin B reduces beta-amyloid production in regulated secretory vesicles of neuronal chromaffin cells: evidence for cathepsin B as a candidate beta-secretase of Alzheimer's DiseaseBiological Chemistry, (2005) 386: 931-940by Hook, V. et al.Read...
> Cysteine Proteases are the Major beta-secretase in the Regulated Secretory Pathway that Provides Most of the beta-amyloid in Alzheimer's Disease: Role of BACE 1 in the Constitutive Secretory PathwayJournal of Neuroscience Research, (2003) 74: 393-405by Hook, V. Y. H. and Reisine, T D.Read...
> Beta-amyloid peptide in regulated secretory vesicles of chromaffin cells: Evidence for Multiple Cysteine Proteolytic Activities in Distinct Pathways for beta-secretase activity in chromaffin vesiclesJournal of Neurochemistry, (2002) 82: 237-256by Hook, V. et al.Read...
RELEVANT BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Alzheimer’s Disease - Beck M, Bigl V, Rossner S. Guinea pigs as a nontransgenic model for APP processing in vitro and in vivo. Neurochem Res 28:637-644.2003. Billen LP, Shamas-Din A, Andrews DW. Bid: a Bax-like BH3 protein. Oncogene 27 Suppl 1:S93-104.2008. Cataldo AM, Barnett JL, Pieroni C, Nixon RA. Increased neuronal endocytosis and protease delivery to early endosomes in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: neuropathologic evidence for a mechanism of increased beta-amyloidogenesis. J Neurosci 17:6142-6151.1997. Ditaranto K, Tekirian TL, Yang AJ. Lysosomal membrane damage in soluble Abeta-mediated cell death in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 8:19-31.2001. Friedlander RM. Apoptosis and caspases in neurodegenerative diseases. N Engl J Med 348:1365-1375.2003. Furukawa K, Sopher BL, Rydel RE, Begley JG, Pham DG, Martin GM, Fox M, Mattson MP. Increased activity-regulating and neuroprotective efficacy of alpha-secretase-derived secreted amyloid precursor protein conferred by a C-terminal heparin-binding domain. J Neurochem 67:1882-1896.1996. Huang Y, Wang KK. The calpain family and human disease. Trends Mol Med 7:355-362.2001. Miyahara T, Shimojo S, Toyohara K, Imai T, Miyajima M, Honda H, Kamegai M, Ohzeki M, Kokatsu J. Clinical Phase I trial of thiol protease inhibitor (Report 2): safety and pharmacokinetics in continuous administration. Rinsho Yakuri 16:537-546.1985a. Nixon RA, Cataldo AM, Mathews PM. The endosomal-lysosomal system of neurons in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: a review. Neurochem Res 25:1161-1172.2000. Oyama F, Murakami N, Ihara Y. Chloroquine myopathy suggests that tau is degraded in lysosomes: implication for the formation of paired helical filaments in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Res 31:1-8.1998. Perlmutter LS, Siman R, Gall C, Seubert P, Baudry M, Lynch G. The ultrastructural localization of calcium-activated protease "calpain" in rat brain. Synapse 2:79-88.1988. Roberts GW, Gentleman SM, Lynch A, Murray L, Landon M, Graham DI. Beta amyloid protein deposition in the brain after severe head injury: implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57:419-425.1994. Saito K, Elce JS, Hamos JE, Nixon RA. Widespread activation of calcium-activated neutral proteinase (calpain) in the brain in Alzheimer disease: a potential molecular basis for neuronal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:2628-2632.1993. Stoka V, Turk B, Turk V. Lysosomal cysteine proteases: structural features and their role in apoptosis. IUBMB Life 57:347-353.2005. Takahashi RH, Capetillo-Zarate E, Lin MT, Milner TA, Gouras GK. Co-occurrence of Alzheimer's disease ss-amyloid and tau pathologies at synapses. Neurobiol Aging 31:1145-1152.2010. Trinchese F, Fa M, Liu S, Zhang H, Hidalgo A, Schmidt SD, Yamaguchi H, Yoshii N, Mathews PM, Nixon RA, Arancio O. Inhibition of calpains improves memory and synaptic transmission in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Clin Invest 118:2796-2807.2008. Wang KK. Calpain and caspase: can you tell the difference? Trends Neurosci 23:20-26.2000. Yeung BH, Huang DC, Sinicrope FA. PS-341 (bortezomib) induces lysosomal cathepsin B release and a caspase-2-dependent mitochondrial permeabilization and apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells. J Biol Chem 281:11923-11932.2006. Zhang L, Sheng R, Qin Z. The lysosome and neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 41:437-445.2009.
- Traumatic Brain Injury - Beauchamp K, Mutlak H, Smith WR, Shohami E, Stahel PF. Pharmacology of traumatic brain injury: where is the "golden bullet"? Mol Med 14:731-740.2008. Clark RS, Kochanek PM, Chen M, Watkins SC, Marion DW, Chen J, Hamilton RL, Loeffert JE, Graham SH. Increases in Bcl-2 and cleavage of caspase-1 and caspase-3 in human brain after head injury. Faseb J 13:813-821.1999. Laino C. TBI in Vets May Raise Dementia Risk, According to New Report. Neurology Today 11:1, 34-35.2011. Luo CL, Chen XP, Yang R, Sun YX, Li QQ, Bao HJ, Cao QQ, Ni H, Qin ZH, Tao LY. Cathepsin B contributes to traumatic brain injury-induced cell death through a mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. J Neurosci Res 88:2847-2858.2010. McAllister TW. Neurobiological consequences of traumatic brain injury. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 13:287-300.2011. Ray SK, Dixon CE, Banik NL. Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury. Histol Histopathol 17:1137-1152.2002. Terrio H, Brenner LA, Ivins BJ, Cho JM, Helmick K, Schwab K, Scally K, Bretthauer R, Warden D. Traumatic brain injury screening: preliminary findings in a US Army Brigade Combat Team. J Head Trauma Rehabil 24:14-23.2009. Uryu K, Laurer H, McIntosh T, Pratico D, Martinez D, Leight S, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Repetitive mild brain trauma accelerates Abeta deposition, lipid peroxidation, and cognitive impairment in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer amyloidosis. J Neurosci 22:446-454.2002. Werner C, Engelhard K. Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Br J Anaesth 99:4-9.2007. Zheng Z, Sabirzhanov B, Keifer J. Oligomeric amyloid-beta inhibits the proteolytic conversion of the Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), AMPA receptor trafficking, and classical conditioning. J Biol Chem 285: 34708-34717.
- Huntington’s Disease - Kim YJ, Yi Y, Sapp E, Wang Y, Cuiffo B, Kegel K, Qin Z-H, Aronin N, DiFiglia M. Caspase 3-cleaved N- terminal fragments of wild type and mutant huntingtin are present in normal and Huntington’s disease brains, associate with membranes, and undergo calpain-dependent proteolysis. PNAS 98 (22): 12784-12789. 2001. Kim YJ, Sapp E, Cuiffo BG, Sobin L, Yoder J, Kegel KB, Qin ZH, Detloff P, Aronin N, DiFiglia M. Lysosomal proteases are involved in generation of N-terminal huntingtin fragments. Neurobiol Dis 22:346-356.2006. - Ischemia - Tsubokawa T, Solaroglu I, Yatsushige H, Cahill J, Yata K, Zhang JH. Cathepsin and calpain inhibitor E64d attenuates matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 37:1888-1894.2006a. Tsubokawa T, Yamaguchi-Okada M, Calvert JW, Solaroglu I, Shimamura N, Yata K, Zhang JH. Neurovascular and neuronal protection by E64d after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Neurosci Res 84:832-840.2006b.
>The Cysteine Protease Cathepsin B is a Key Drug Target and Cysteine Protease Inhibitors are Potential Therapeutics for Traumatic Brain InjuryJournal of Neurotrauma (2014) 31(5): 515-529by Hook, V. Y. H., Yu, J., Sipes, N., Pierschbacher, M., Hook, G. and Kindy, M.Read...
>Deletion of the cathepsin B gene improves memory deficits in a transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse model expressing APP containing the wild-type beta-secretase site sequenceJournal of Alzheimer's Disease (2012) 29(4): 827-40 by Hook, V., Yu, J, Zhu, H., El-Amouri, S., Hook, G., and Kindy, M.Read...
>Discovery of the cysteine protease cathepsin B as a drug target for Alzheimer's diseaseChapter 6 in RSC Drug Discovery Series No. 18, Proteinases as Drug Targets, Ed., B.Dunn, Pub., Royal Society of Chemistry, pp 146-169, 2012by Hook, V., Kindy, M., and Hook, G.
>Cysteine Cathepsins in the Secretory vesicle produce active peptides:Cathepsin L generates peptide neurotransmitters and cathepsin B produces beta-amyloid of Alzheimer's diseaseBiochimica et Biophysica Acta, (2012) 1824(1):89-104by Hook, V. Y. H. and Hook, G. and Kindy, M. et al. Read...
>The Cysteine Protease Inhibitor, E64d, Reduces Brain Amyloid-beta and Improves Memory Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease Animal Models by Inhibiting Cathepsin B, but not BACE1, beta-secretase ActivityJournal of Alzheimer's Disease, (2011) 26: 387-408by Hook, V. Y. H. and Hook, G. and Kindy, M.Read...
>Pharmacogenetic features of cathepsin B inhibitors that improve memory deficit and reduce beta-amyloid related to Alzheimer's DiseaseBiological Chemistry, (2010) 391: 861-872by Hook, V. Y. H. and Hook, G. and Kindy, M.Read...
> Genetic cathepsin B deficiency reduces beta-amyloid in transgenic mice expressing human wild-type amyloid precursor proteinBiochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, (2009) 386: 284-288by Hook, V. Y. H. and Hook. G. et al.
> Inhibitors of Cathepsin B improve Memory and Reduce beta-amyloid in Transgenic Alzheimer Disease Mice Expressing the Wild-type, but not the Swedish Mutant, beta-secretase Site of the Amyloid Precursor ProteinThe Journal of Biological Chemistry, (2008) 283: 7745-7753by Hook, V. Y. H. and Hook, G. et al.
> Alternative Pathways for Production of beta-amyloid Peptides of Alzheimer's DiseaseBiological Chemistry, (2008) 389: 993-1006by Hook, V. Y. H and Hook, G. et al.
> Cysteine Protease Inhibitors Effectively Reduce in Vivo Levels of brain beta-amyloid Related to Alzheimer's DiseaseBiological Chemistry, (2007) 388: 247-252by Hook, V. et al.Read...
> Inhibition of cathepsin B reduces beta-amyloid production in regulated secretory vesicles of neuronal chromaffin cells: evidence for cathepsin B as a candidate beta-secretase of Alzheimer's DiseaseBiological Chemistry, (2005) 386: 931-940by Hook, V. et al.Read...
> Cysteine Proteases are the Major beta-secretase in the Regulated Secretory Pathway that Provides Most of the beta-amyloid in Alzheimer's Disease: Role of BACE 1 in the Constitutive Secretory PathwayJournal of Neuroscience Research, (2003) 74: 393-405by Hook, V. Y. H. and Reisine, T D.Read...
> Beta-amyloid peptide in regulated secretory vesicles of chromaffin cells: Evidence for Multiple Cysteine Proteolytic Activities in Distinct Pathways for beta-secretase activity in chromaffin vesiclesJournal of Neurochemistry, (2002) 82: 237-256by Hook, V. et al.Read...
RELEVANT BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Alzheimer’s Disease - Beck M, Bigl V, Rossner S. Guinea pigs as a nontransgenic model for APP processing in vitro and in vivo. Neurochem Res 28:637-644.2003. Billen LP, Shamas-Din A, Andrews DW. Bid: a Bax-like BH3 protein. Oncogene 27 Suppl 1:S93-104.2008. Cataldo AM, Barnett JL, Pieroni C, Nixon RA. Increased neuronal endocytosis and protease delivery to early endosomes in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: neuropathologic evidence for a mechanism of increased beta-amyloidogenesis. J Neurosci 17:6142-6151.1997. Ditaranto K, Tekirian TL, Yang AJ. Lysosomal membrane damage in soluble Abeta-mediated cell death in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 8:19-31.2001. Friedlander RM. Apoptosis and caspases in neurodegenerative diseases. N Engl J Med 348:1365-1375.2003. Furukawa K, Sopher BL, Rydel RE, Begley JG, Pham DG, Martin GM, Fox M, Mattson MP. Increased activity-regulating and neuroprotective efficacy of alpha-secretase-derived secreted amyloid precursor protein conferred by a C-terminal heparin-binding domain. J Neurochem 67:1882-1896.1996. Huang Y, Wang KK. The calpain family and human disease. Trends Mol Med 7:355-362.2001. Miyahara T, Shimojo S, Toyohara K, Imai T, Miyajima M, Honda H, Kamegai M, Ohzeki M, Kokatsu J. Clinical Phase I trial of thiol protease inhibitor (Report 2): safety and pharmacokinetics in continuous administration. Rinsho Yakuri 16:537-546.1985a. Nixon RA, Cataldo AM, Mathews PM. The endosomal-lysosomal system of neurons in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: a review. Neurochem Res 25:1161-1172.2000. Oyama F, Murakami N, Ihara Y. Chloroquine myopathy suggests that tau is degraded in lysosomes: implication for the formation of paired helical filaments in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Res 31:1-8.1998. Perlmutter LS, Siman R, Gall C, Seubert P, Baudry M, Lynch G. The ultrastructural localization of calcium-activated protease "calpain" in rat brain. Synapse 2:79-88.1988. Roberts GW, Gentleman SM, Lynch A, Murray L, Landon M, Graham DI. Beta amyloid protein deposition in the brain after severe head injury: implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57:419-425.1994. Saito K, Elce JS, Hamos JE, Nixon RA. Widespread activation of calcium-activated neutral proteinase (calpain) in the brain in Alzheimer disease: a potential molecular basis for neuronal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:2628-2632.1993. Stoka V, Turk B, Turk V. Lysosomal cysteine proteases: structural features and their role in apoptosis. IUBMB Life 57:347-353.2005. Takahashi RH, Capetillo-Zarate E, Lin MT, Milner TA, Gouras GK. Co-occurrence of Alzheimer's disease ss-amyloid and tau pathologies at synapses. Neurobiol Aging 31:1145-1152.2010. Trinchese F, Fa M, Liu S, Zhang H, Hidalgo A, Schmidt SD, Yamaguchi H, Yoshii N, Mathews PM, Nixon RA, Arancio O. Inhibition of calpains improves memory and synaptic transmission in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Clin Invest 118:2796-2807.2008. Wang KK. Calpain and caspase: can you tell the difference? Trends Neurosci 23:20-26.2000. Yeung BH, Huang DC, Sinicrope FA. PS-341 (bortezomib) induces lysosomal cathepsin B release and a caspase-2-dependent mitochondrial permeabilization and apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells. J Biol Chem 281:11923-11932.2006. Zhang L, Sheng R, Qin Z. The lysosome and neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 41:437-445.2009.
- Traumatic Brain Injury - Beauchamp K, Mutlak H, Smith WR, Shohami E, Stahel PF. Pharmacology of traumatic brain injury: where is the "golden bullet"? Mol Med 14:731-740.2008. Clark RS, Kochanek PM, Chen M, Watkins SC, Marion DW, Chen J, Hamilton RL, Loeffert JE, Graham SH. Increases in Bcl-2 and cleavage of caspase-1 and caspase-3 in human brain after head injury. Faseb J 13:813-821.1999. Laino C. TBI in Vets May Raise Dementia Risk, According to New Report. Neurology Today 11:1, 34-35.2011. Luo CL, Chen XP, Yang R, Sun YX, Li QQ, Bao HJ, Cao QQ, Ni H, Qin ZH, Tao LY. Cathepsin B contributes to traumatic brain injury-induced cell death through a mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. J Neurosci Res 88:2847-2858.2010. McAllister TW. Neurobiological consequences of traumatic brain injury. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 13:287-300.2011. Ray SK, Dixon CE, Banik NL. Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury. Histol Histopathol 17:1137-1152.2002. Terrio H, Brenner LA, Ivins BJ, Cho JM, Helmick K, Schwab K, Scally K, Bretthauer R, Warden D. Traumatic brain injury screening: preliminary findings in a US Army Brigade Combat Team. J Head Trauma Rehabil 24:14-23.2009. Uryu K, Laurer H, McIntosh T, Pratico D, Martinez D, Leight S, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Repetitive mild brain trauma accelerates Abeta deposition, lipid peroxidation, and cognitive impairment in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer amyloidosis. J Neurosci 22:446-454.2002. Werner C, Engelhard K. Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Br J Anaesth 99:4-9.2007. Zheng Z, Sabirzhanov B, Keifer J. Oligomeric amyloid-beta inhibits the proteolytic conversion of the Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), AMPA receptor trafficking, and classical conditioning. J Biol Chem 285: 34708-34717.
- Huntington’s Disease - Kim YJ, Yi Y, Sapp E, Wang Y, Cuiffo B, Kegel K, Qin Z-H, Aronin N, DiFiglia M. Caspase 3-cleaved N- terminal fragments of wild type and mutant huntingtin are present in normal and Huntington’s disease brains, associate with membranes, and undergo calpain-dependent proteolysis. PNAS 98 (22): 12784-12789. 2001. Kim YJ, Sapp E, Cuiffo BG, Sobin L, Yoder J, Kegel KB, Qin ZH, Detloff P, Aronin N, DiFiglia M. Lysosomal proteases are involved in generation of N-terminal huntingtin fragments. Neurobiol Dis 22:346-356.2006. - Ischemia - Tsubokawa T, Solaroglu I, Yatsushige H, Cahill J, Yata K, Zhang JH. Cathepsin and calpain inhibitor E64d attenuates matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 37:1888-1894.2006a. Tsubokawa T, Yamaguchi-Okada M, Calvert JW, Solaroglu I, Shimamura N, Yata K, Zhang JH. Neurovascular and neuronal protection by E64d after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Neurosci Res 84:832-840.2006b.